Oodgeroo Noonuccal Biography Essay Example for Free

Oodgeroo Noonuccal Biography Essay Oodgeroo Noonuccal was born in 1920 on Stradbroke island (Minjerriba to the Aboriginal people), which was in Queensland, and she was born into the Noonuccal people of the Yuggera group. She was an actress, writer, teacher, artist and a campaigner for the Aboriginal people. Oodgeroo shared a trait with her father that was the sense of injustice. She left school at the age of 13 and worked as a domestic servant until 1939. After that she volunteered for service in the Australian Woman’s Army Service. Between 1961 and 1970 Oodgeroo popular poetry and writing made her very popular to the aboriginal people, Torre Strait Islanders and the people of Queensland. Oodgeroo Noonuccal became the first published Aboriginal woman when she wrote ‘We are Going’, which was sold out in only three days breaking some Australian records. Between 1964 and 1988 Oodgeroo wrote many Children’s books, short stories, new poems, essays and speeches. Oodgeroo Noonuccal was involved in many Aboriginal right organizations. Now her work is recognized worldwide and the themes in most of her poems in the need for peace between the black and white Australians. Her aboriginal upbringing helped her for inspiration, what she used to be surrounded to and the way she had been treated. Oodgeroo Noonuccal’s father had taught her to be stubborn and to be proud of being Aboriginal and with this, Oodgeroo would push through discriminations and penalties. Oodgeroo’s campaigning for Aboriginal voting rights started in 1960 when she strived for equality. She traveled Australia giving talks and doing all sorts of stuff to make more people aware. Finally in 1967 the campaigning showed to be successful and the Aboriginals got their rights. When she tried to campaign Globally nobody would listen to her and she got quite frustrated. She went back to her home, on Stradbroke Island, to build an Aboriginal Museum but the government would not allow it.

Influence of Aspirin on Post Tooth Extraction Bleeding

Influence of Aspirin on Post Tooth Extraction Bleeding ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of aspirin on post extraction bleeding in a clinical setup. Materials and Method: 200 Patients aged between 50 to 65 years, who were indicated for dental extraction was selected from outpatient department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. All the patients were randomly divided in aspirin continuing group (Group A) and aspirin discontinuing group (Group B). After checking all the vital signs extractions were carried out. Bleeding time and clotting time was recorded for evaluation by Chi Square Test. Results: Chi Square test asserted that the bleeding time increased (3.8Â ±0.75) in Group B patients who continued with the antiplatelet therapy while it decreased in Group A patients who discontinued aspirin. Similarly clotting time increased in group B patient and decreased in Group A patient. But in both the groups, bleeding and clotting time remained within normal limits. Conclusion: Assessing most of the dental and medical literature it can be concluded that there is absolutely no need to discontinue anti platelet therapy for any ambulatory dental procedure and even if practitioner wishes to discontinue, it should not be more than 3 days. This is also stated in the guidelines of American Heart Association. Keywords: Anti platelet drugs, Aspirin, Bleeding time, Tooth extraction. INTRODUCTION Medical practitioners commonly advice their patients who are on antiplatelet therapy to either stop or alter their medications prior to surgical procedures due to fear of excessive and uncontrolled bleeding. This is a proven fact that aspirin causes increased risk of intraoperative as well as postoperative bleeding and also increased risk of thromboembolic events such as myocardial infraction and cerebrovascular accidents if the drug is continued1. Thrombotic and thromboembolic occlusions of blood vessels are the main cause of ischaemic events in heart, lungs and brain2. In case of blood vessel injury hemostatic mechanism is responsible for stopping the extravasation. Mainly hemostatic mechanism in characterized by two consecutive phases primary and secondary. Primary mechanism arrests early bleeding as a result of platelet plug formation3. Secondary hemostasis phase is mediated by complex cascade of clotting factors which helps in formation of fibrin clot4. In recent years lot of re search and progress have been made in the field of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants. These drugs have been utilized for the management of arterial thrombosis also2. Even though a number of antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents have been developed, aspirin and warfarin remains the standard drug of choice5. Development of aspirin dates back to 1897 and is considered as one of the safest and cheapest drug worldwide. A general practitioner Lawrence Craven prescribed low dose aspirin (Baby Aspirin) to his 400 patients and none of them developed myocardial infraction6. This was probably the first time in medical history where aspirin was used to prevent myocardial infarction. Since then it has become the drug of choice for cardiologists. The antithrombotic effect of aspirin is mediated by irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity in platelets. Phospholipase-A2 acts on the cell membrane to release arachidonic acid on activation. Cyclooxygenase acts on arachidonic acid to produce thromboxane A2. Thromboxane A2 is a potent platelet stimulant leading to degranulation of platelet and platelet aggregation. Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme and decreases the level of platelet stimulant thromboxane A2,5 thus increasing the bleeding time. This is the important reason for a medical practitioner to stop aspirin 3 to 7 days prior to any invasive surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of aspirin on post extraction bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHOD This study was conducted at the outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Patients who were on aspirin therapy, aged between 50 to 65 years and who had to undergo tooth extraction were selected for the study. Patients on warfarin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, heparin, steroids or suffering from blood disorders and diabetes were excluded from the study. Informed consent was obtained from the patients with the ethical committee clearance. Two hundred patients including both males and females whose teeth were indicated for extraction were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into Group A and Group B of 100 patients each. Group A patients continued to receive aspirin preoperatively while Group B patients were asked to stop aspirin 7 days prior to extraction. Pre operatively all the vital signs (Blood Pressure and Pulse) were measured. Bleeding time (White and Lee technique) and clotting time (Ivy’s technique) was calculated. Extractions were carried out only if the above parameters were within normal range. After tooth was extracted presence or absence of bleeding and bleeding time was recorded. Analgesics and antibiotics were prescribed as needed for pain and infection control. Chi square test was used to evaluate the relative frequencies of patients in both groups. Differences of parametric variables were tested with analysis of variance. RESULTS After applying Chi square test, mean bleeding time was calculated as 2.1Â ±0.52 minutes in the patients who discontinued baby aspirin (Group B) 7 days prior to extraction. Bleeding time of Group A patients who continued aspirin through the entire study was found to be 3.8Â ±0.75 minutes. This difference was statistically significant (p=0.002) [Table 1]. Although there is significant increase in the bleeding time of Group A patients it should be noted that bleeding time of both the groups was within the normal limits. Clotting time of Group B patients was 3.8Â ±0.75 and Group A was 4.7Â ±0.74 which was also within the normal limits (Normal range according to Ivy’s Method: 3 to 5 minutes). DISCUSSION Historically aspirin was used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug for a short period of disease activity. Lawrence Craven in 1950 reported for the first time its long term use to prevent myocardial infarction6. He advocated a lower dose for antiplatelet action. Antiplatelet activity of aspirin occurs at doses ranging as low as 40 mg/day7 to 3208 mg daily. Doses above 320 mg/day decrease the effectiveness of aspirin as antiplatelet agent due to inhibition of prostacyclin production9. However recent clinical trial indicates that 160 mg/day is optimal for antiplatelet action10. In emergencies where urgent antithrombotic action is required a loading dose of 300 mg is advocated9. Usually in United States daily dose of 81 mg, 160 mg or 325 mg are prescribed while in Europe and other countries daily dose of 75 mg, 150mg or 300 mg are prescribed10. Risk of continuing aspirin therapy prior to surgery is that, with the alteration of platelet function longer time period is required to stop the bleeding from a surgical site. This is attributed to the alteration in primary hemostatic mechanism. Burger et al stated that, in patients on aspirin, the average risk of bleeding increases 1.5 folds. At the same time there is a risk in stopping the aspirin prior to surgery leading to a potential risk of rebound of thromboembolic vascular events. On stopping aspirin thromboxane A2 activity increases to a greater extent with decrease in fibrinolytic activity11. Ferrari et al showed the existence of biological platelet rebound phenomenon on interruption of aspirin therapy. This could create a prothrombotic state which may lead to fatal thromboembolic events. Approximately 20% of these episodes are fatal and another 40% can lead to permanent disability12. Practitioners who advocate the stoppage of aspirin have been debating among themselves regarding the time limit to stop aspirin. Literature wise the effect of aspirin on platelets is irreversible. The effect lasts for 7 to 10 days which is the life span of platelets13, 14. Therefore since early days it was recommended to stop aspirin 7 days prior to surgical procedure15-19. Sonksen et al in their study comprising of 52 healthy individuals showed that withdrawal of aspirin for more than 5 days was not recommended20. Wahl et al advocated that aspirin should be discontinued for 3 days only as after 3 days of interruption of aspirin, sufficient number of newer platelets would be present in circulation for hemostasis21, 22. Now again the debate arises whether to stop aspirin therapy or not? Fear for uncontrolled bleeding encourages the practitioners to discontinue the aspirin therapy. Few studies have shown that there is always an increased risk of bleeding in patients continuing aspirin23, 24. Hence few studies recommended stopping of aspirin therapy prior to surgical procedure17, 19, 25. However if the aspirin therapy is discontinued, there is increased risk of thromboembolic events which can be fatal but none of these have been reported in dental literature. Fijnheer et al in his article mentioned that there is scarcity of literature regarding dental surgeries involving patients on aspirin medication26. Little et al recommended that unless bleeding time is increased above 20 minutes aspirin affected platelets would not cause significant bleeding complication22. Similar claims were made by Sonksen et al and Gaspar et al20, 27. Canigral et al conducted a research involving surgical extraction in patients on antithrombotic therapy. In 92% cases bleeding stopped within 10 minutes with pressure alone. This result was in accordance with the present study4. Gaspar et al advocated that ambulatory oral surgical procedures can be performed in patients without discontinuing the use of aspirin27. A recent recommendation from American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology is that, either continuing aspirin or clopidogrel therapy for minor oral surgical procedures in patients with coronary artery stents or delaying treatment until prescribed regimen will be complicated. The present study demonstrated that there was significant increase in the bleeding time in both the groups but in no case it was difficult to stop the bleeding. Although bleeding time increased in the Group A patients but it still remained within the normal range, regardless of whether patients continued or discontinued their aspirin therapy28, 29, 30. This result was similar to the study done by Canigral et al4. Valerin et al conducted a study with 17 patients randomized to aspirin and 19 to placebo and found no differences in bleeding outcomes for patients on aspirin. This finding suggested that there was no need to discontinue aspirin prior to any ambulatory oral surgical procedures31. Adchariyapetch compared the postoperative bleeding on subjects who stopped or continued taking the aspirin for seven days prior to extraction. The mean bleeding time in both the groups was in normal range. After the procedure there was no difficulty in achieving hemostasis. Therefore they concluded that surgical extraction did not require discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy32. Matocha in his study concluded that risk of bleeding after dental extraction is very minimal in the patients with aspirin therapy and did not exceed 0.2 to 2.3%33. Murphy et al concluded with a survey that 86% of the dental practitioners who advised the patient to stop antiplatelet drugs prior to dental extraction did so with the consultation of the patient’s physician and found that the protocol followed by the physicians and dentists was not based on the current recommendations and guidelines34. Napenas et al concluded that the risk of stopping antiplatelet therapy and predisposing the patient to thromboembolic events overweighed the minimal risk of bleeding from dental procedures. Similar results were found in the study done by Nielsen et al35. Wahl in a research study reported that in 950 patients receiving anticoagulation therapy, only 12 required (

Essay --

The Indian Entertainment and Media Industry has performed better in the Indian economy and is considered one among fastest growing sectors of India. It is increasing on the base of economic growth and accelerating income levels that our country has been witnessing in the last few years. This is indeed proving useful to the entertainment and media industry in India as this is a rather sensitive one and it prospers faster when it is an expanding economy. An added advantage to the entertainment and media industry in India is from the point of view of demographics where the spending of the consumer is increasing as a result of increase in disposable incomes due to sustained growth in income levels and reduced income tax in the last ten years. The present size of the industry is estimated at US$ 7 billion in 2004 and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 14 per cent to US$ 13bn by the year 2009. The Filmed Entertainment and Television segment rules the industry succeeding to Print, Radio and the Music segments. The overall Indian economy observed a slack in 2012 due to both external and domestic factors. The fiscal and monetary stimulus given by the Government of India after financial-crisis resulted in strong growth in consumption and demand in 2009-10 and 2010-11. However, this has led to higher inflation and a powerful monetary response that reduced consumption demand. Moreover, infrastructure and corporate investment were also rallied down by the strict monetary policy and the policy bottlenecks. Externally, a slow global economy weighed down by the incessant crisis in the Euro area and prevalence of uncertainty in the US fiscal policy also increased risks to development. The Central Statistical Organization’s (CSO’s) estimates show a... ...this increasing number is eventually resulting in the growth of internet advertising, which today is standing at about INR 1 billion. †¢ The internet is being utilized for a variety of purposes, besides work, like as chatting, doing transactions, leisure, blogging etc. †¢ This serves as a large potential to marketers in the sale of their products. †¢ And with wireless and broadband becoming popular, internet reach is expected to increase in leaps and bounds. BARRIERS TO INVESTMENT The following are certain barriers to investment in the media industry; †¢ Piracy. †¢ Lack of a uniform media policy for foreign investment †¢ Level playing field with incumbents †¢ Content regulation †¢ Price regulation in the television industry †¢ Cross-media ownership rules †¢ Lack of empowered regulators †¢ Merging of the FII and FDI caps †¢ Tax treatment of foreign broadcasting companies

H.R. department at Coca-Cola :: essays research papers

Q1- Introduction, business profile of Coca-Cola, and its historical prospective. In May 1886, Coca-Cola was invented by Doctor John Pemberton a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. The name was a suggestion given by John Pemberton’s bookkeeper Frank Robinson who was the first to script â€Å"Coca-Cola† into the flowing letters which has become the famous logo of today. Until 1905, the soft drink, marketed as tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. As we know, every new product in its introductory stage faces a certain loss due to higher cost relatively to the revenue generated after sales, and that was the case when Pemberton started the selling process on May 8 of that same year, where he ended up with a loss of $20 as a result of costs equal to $70 and revenues equal to $50. By the late 1890s, Coca-Cola was one of America’s most popular fountain drinks. With another Atlanta pharmacist, Asa Griggs Candler, the Coca-Cola Company increased sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. Advertising was an important factor in Pemberton and Candler’s success. And by the turn of the century, the drink was sold across the United States and Canada. In addition, the company began selling syrup to independent bottling companies licensed to sell the drink. After 19 years of the invention date, the Coca-Cola Company started operating internationally and it became the world’s largest bottle of liquid, nonalcoholic refreshment. It took the company about 119 years to turn the $20 loss in 1886 into $596 million profit in 2004, and that implies a successful business strategy followed by the company. Coca-Cola Enterprises is the world’s largest Coca-Cola bottler, selling approximately 43 billion bottles and cans each year. The company markets, distributes and produces beverage products of Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries. The products include Coca-Cola Classic, caffeine free Coca-Cola classic, diet Coke, Sprite, Cherry Coke, and Fanta. The company conducts its business primarily under agreements with The Coca-Cola Company, which own around 37% of the company's common stock. These agreements give it the exclusive right to market, distribute and produce beverage products in specified territories. This also provide the Coca-Cola Company with the ability to establish prices, terms of payment and other terms and conditions for the purchase of concentrates and syrups, in addition to other significant transactions and agreements including acquisitions of bottling territories, arrangements for cooperative marketing, advertising expenditures, purchases of sweeteners and strategic marketing initiatives.

Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston Essay -- essays resea

The book, Farewell to Manzanar was the story of a young Japanese girl coming of age in the interment camp located in Owens Valley, California. Less than two months after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed an Executive Order, which stated that the War Department had the right to declare which people were a threat to the country, and move them wherever they so pleased. Since the West Coast had a large number of Japanese immigrants at the time, the Executive Order was basically an act that authorized the government to remove Japanese residing on the West Coast away from their homes and put them in these interment camps. As harsh as it may sound, the interment camps were nothing like the infamous Nazi interment camps of World War II. Manzanar residents enjoyed relatively comfortable living conditions, and lived fairly comfortable lives as compared to those of German interment camps. However, it was still rough, as many families were separated and emotional scar s lingered long after the experience. Farewell to Manzanar is the story of one girl making the difficult transition to womanhood, at a difficult time, and at a difficult location. Two of the main life lessons that Jeannie learned during her stay at Manzanar dealt with the issues of her identity as an American against her Japanese heritage, and also with her treatment in school. During her time at Manzanar, Jeannie was surrounded by almost exclusively Japanese people, and did not have much exposure to Caucasians, or people of other races. Therefore, she did not know what to truly expect when she went out into the â€Å"school world† outside of Manzanar. She had received some schooling while in Manzanar; however, the American schools were drastically different from the schools inside of Manzanar. While inside Manzanar, Jeannie learned more skills in the fine arts, such as baton twirling, and ballet. Though â€Å"hard† subjects were taught, Jeannie didn’t mention them as much as she did about the baton twirling, ballet, and Catechesis. The schools at Manzanar were not much until the second year. The first year, volunteers taught the schools, and resources were pretty scarce. However, in the second year, teachers were hired, and the number of available supplies increased. One key thing that Jeannie remembers about her Manzanar schooling was her participation in the yearbook, and also with the ... ...he fact that she was pretending to be of a culture which she did not belong to. She was dressed as an American, acting as an American, even though she was of Japanese descent. Under Papa’s orders, she signed up for odori class, however, she performed terribly and was basically kicked out of class by the instructor. Jeannie Wakatsuki lived a very diverse life, as she was subjected to both life inside of an interment camp and American high school. Attending American high school was a character shaping experience, and even more so for someone of a minority race or gender. The experience lets them know where their race stands among others, and if they will be completely accepted in the â€Å"outside world†. Unfortunately for Jeannie, she was not totally accepted by others throughout her life, and that left psychological scars on her. However, she came out of these experiences a better and more well rounded person, so they were not totally negative for her. A note of interest is that she ended up marrying a non-Japanese person, possibly due to her growing up and maturing around non-Japanese. The book Farewell to Manzanar fully illustrates her thoughts and feelings throughout this process.

Sociological Perspectives of Violence

The focus of this paper is an overview of different research articles on racism and structural violence against the aboriginal. Violence will be looked at from three schools of thoughts namely the structural, conflict and process theories. The views of these different approaches to violence will be critically analyzed, but no value judgments will be placed on any of their perceptions of violence. Racism According to Headley (2000), racism is â€Å"the infliction of unequal consideration, motivated by the desire to dominate, based on race alone (p. 23). Headley further explains that this definition accommodates the distinction between â€Å"true racism† which is the desire to harm or dominate others solely on the basis of race, and â€Å"ordinary racism† which he sees as universal features of human biology (p. 224). Headley further maintained that a racist is not merely someone who wishes to put down another’s    race, but also suppress and assert his/her own s uperiority through a violent act (p. 224).Naiman (2006) defines racism as hostility, aggression, and antagonism toward non-members of a particular group based on their physical characteristics, notably skin colour (p. 265). Similarly, Spencer (1998) sees racism as â€Å"the transformation of race prejudice and / or ethnocentrism through the exercise of power against a racial group defined as inferior, by individual and institution† (p. 1). To infer from the foregoing definitions, a common attribute of racism is the belief that one’s own race is superior to another.This belief is based on the erroneous assumption that physical attributes of members of a racial group determine their social behaviour as well as their psychological and intellectual characteristics (Spencer, 1998, p. 5). Historical Roots of Racism. The term racism became popularized in the late 1960’s during the civil rights movement (Headley, 2000, p. 235). Prior to this time according to Headley, t he term ethnic prejudice was used (p. 236). Naiman (2006) posits that racism is a relatively recent phenomenon, and its emergence as a systematic world-view developed concurrently with the rise of capitalist and its global expansion (p. 66) Naiman further explains    that some scholars define forms of    social intolerance prior to this capitalist era as racism, but he however argues that such social intolerance is more precisely seen as ethnocentrism (preference for one’s own cultural traditions) or ethnic chauvinism (antagonism towards a particular group) (p. 267).Racism in Canada According to Naiman (2006), some Canadians like to believe that racism is a relatively recent phenomenon linked to modern immigration patterns or compared to United States, Canada has little history of overt racism (p. 69). Naiman, however, argues that racism in Canada has a long and sordid past, which in reality as described by him â€Å" is an unsightly history swept under the threadbare ru g of its national myths† (p. 269). Naiman further maintained that the history of racism in Canada begins with the subjugation of Canada’s aboriginal people. Violence Anglin (1998), states that an uncontroversial, exhaustive and precise definition of violence is difficult to find. â€Å"Violence is understood as an incident in which an acting individual intentionally injures another† (p. 146).Anglin further explains that the action of the perpetrator can be physical, or psychological. In same vein, Steinmetz (1989) defines violent as â€Å"an act carried out with the intension of, or perceived as having the intension of physically hurting another person†. Strasburg (1978) defines violence as â€Å"illegal use or threat of force against a person†. From the foregoing, it can be infer that violent behavior means physical force exerted for the purpose of violating or abusing. There are three key terms which are likely to be present for any action to be c lassified as a violent act.The action must be intentional, force may be applied and the action must result in harm (physical, psychological and emotional). Human behaviour does not occur in isolation or in vacuum but it is influenced by the interplay of many other factors. Consequently, different schools of thoughts about violence, view any violent act as a precursor of other factors. For example, the Conflict, Structural, and Process theories. Conflict theory Conflict theory is better understood as the Marxist theory. According to the theory, â€Å"Crime is perceived as a function of competition for limited resources†.That is, a social status in which an individual is perceived evaluated and treated accordingly by legal authorities. The Marxist view is that conflict between these class-based social hierarchies, the haves (bourgeoisie), and has not (proletariat) that produces violent behavior. According to Holmes (1988), the difference between these two classes is a matter of relative power . Holmes further explains that the ruling class have sufficient power hence, they are able to label some proletariat’s behavior as criminal Structural theoryThe structural theory on the other hand, sees violence from the perception of cultural forces or neighborhood conditions. That is, our behavior is a product of our environment. The world we live in, shapes our lives. Since our environment is not static, our behavior revolves around this dynamism. The structural approach holds the view that the way certain things are structured by the society creates violent acts. For example, consider the film Elephant; the structural theory will argue that it is because of the way society is structured, that people are able to acquire weapons to perpetuate violence.Similarly, heterogeneity of society inherently creates violence. This is because according to the theory, there is bound to be such issues as cultural or religious conflicts due to these differences. Process th eory According to the proponent of this theory, crime is a function of socialization and upbringing. Delinquent behaviour is learned like every other behavior through association with significant others and reference groups, especially parents and peers. It is through observation and interaction with these significant others; we learn techniques for engaging in delinquent acts.According to Process theory, all forms of violent acts are learned through imitation and observation. For example in the movie Elephant, the Process theory argues that the two serial killers learned such violent acts through the use of violent computer games and imitation of the Nazi’s leader, Hitler. The argument advanced by these different schools of thought appears convincing, because violence in society can be explained through each of these approaches. When these schools of thought are viewed critically, there appears to be a probing question that needs to be answered.Among each of these theories w hich contributes more to violence in society? Considering the importance of each of these schools of thought, it will be difficult if not impossible to adequately explain violence from the perception of one of these approaches. This is true because each of these approaches interplay to influence one’s behaviour depending on the situation. For example, using the movie Elephant, the Process Theory will argue that the serial killers learned their dastardly act through watching    violent video games (observation) their attempt to imitate Nazi’s leader Hitler was the precursor of their actions.On the other hand, the Structural Theory will argue that it is because of the way society is structured that the serial killers were able acquired guns to perpetuate their acts. Similarly, if society is structured in such a way that getting violent computer games are almost impossible to get, perhaps the killers might not be able to procure such weaponry or learn violent behaviour. In same vein, the Conflict Approach says the power struggle between the ruling class and the working class creates imbalance family structure, which they claim resulted in poor parental upbringing.This results in violent acts because the children are not properly catered for. The Role and Effect of the mass media on Violence Research on media influence in violence has been concerned with possible negative effects of exposure to violent films. What messages, for example do children take away from their exposure to various violent movies? According to the Observational Learning Theory Bandura, et al, in their Bobo doll study cited in Holmes (1988), explains that the media encourages children to solve their problems by violent means; they further maintain that constant exposure to violence normalizes violence (p. 100).Critics of the Bobo doll experiment have pointed out that the doll was the type of toy that invited aggression, and also since the filmstrip used in the experiment lacke d a plot, it contained no justification for the violence of children. .Other scholars like Alfred Hitchcock’s as cited in Holmes (1988) argues that tracing the direct effects of the media is a very difficult task. The reason for this according to him is that when the media operates in the natural environment, their influence is only one factor among many other factors; this is because what they see and hear is most likely monitored by their parents (p. 8). Hitchcock further explains that even when children are exposed to violent movies through the media, this violent act is further reinforced if the parent’s, themselves also engages in any forms of violence. The media reflects nearly every aspect of a society; these reflections are not necessarily accurate. This is because violence is not accurately represented by the media. The news media in particular, provides an important forum in which violent acts are selectively gathered up, invested with a broader meaning, and made available to public consumption (Ksenych, 2003, p. 35).The media has the power to shape the issue and to shape the consciousness of viewers by sensationalizing and trivializing cases of abuse. A good example of this is the misleading representation of    the percentage of violence as reported by the media and the one reported by statistics Canada (Ksenych, 2003 p. 35). Structural Violence Structural Violence according to Anglin (1998) â€Å"is violence produced by structures of domination, form of expropriation of vital economic and non-material resources and operations of systems of social stratification or categorization that subvert people’s chances of survival† (p. 46). Through structural forms of violence, persons are socially and culturally marginalized in ways that deny them the opportunity for emotional and physical wellbeing.Walker (2003) sees Structural Violence as â€Å"the constraints on human potential caused by economic and political structuresâ⠂¬  (p. 1). Similarly, Fiske (2006) contrasts â€Å"Structural Violence† and â€Å"Direct Violence†. Fiske argues that structural violence is manifested in social inequalities, and almost always invisible, embedded in social structures. Direct violent on the other hand, is overt and has a perpetrator of the harmful actions (p. 47). Thus, structural violence occurs whenever people are at disadvantaged by political, economic and cultural traditions. Structural Violence on the Aboriginal People The â€Å"stolen generation† is the name generally given to the Aboriginal families adopted into non Aboriginal families as a result of government policies on assimilation (Mellor, 2006, p. 82). According to Holmes (1998) the first British and French colonist made contact with the Aborigines primarily to exploit their labour power in the fur trade (p. 270). Holmes further explains that the Aborigines were under paid in exchange of their labour.Furthermore, as the fur trade declined and agriculture expanded the colonists forcefully took over the valuable lands inhabited by the Aboriginal people. Fiske (2006) sees structural violence against the Aboriginal from the perception of cultural marginalization. Fiske explains after confederation, the Canadian government used assimilation to gain control over the Aborigines. The tool used to promote this end was the Indian act of 1876 (p. 248). This act not only controls every aspect of the lives of the native people, but it also laid out who would be bound or not bound by the act.For example, the â€Å"Status Indians† were those bound by the act, and were prohibited by the act from owning lands, from voting, and from purchasing or consuming alcohol. By same token, the groups not included in the act are â€Å"Non-Status Indian†. Fiske further explains that prior to 1985, the Aborigines women were excluded from Indian register when they married non-Indians. Similarly, these women were not only forc ed out of their community, but were also stripped of their rights to property inheritance. The children born in this marriage were also denied Indian status.By same token, Walker, (2003) explains that there was also forms of structural violence against indigenous knowledge production (p. 37). This is evidence in Eurocentric research paradigms which distort indigenous experience as expressed in the following quote    â€Å"To assume that phenomena from another world view can be adequately explained from a totally foreign world view is the essence of psychological and philosophical imperialism†. Consequently, forcing indigenous researchers to fit their approach within western paradigms ignores the premise that all research paradigms have a pecific cultural foundation. Walker further explains that this cultural bias of the dominant western society is based on the assumptions that the western methodology was universal (p. 38). From the foregoing, it can be seen that the indigen ous people of Canada were not only subjected to forms of inhuman condition, they saw the theft of their resources and       culture,    marginalization, and discrimination (Naiman, 2006, p. 272).

A view from a bridge work book Essay

Dear Miss Fisher, I have finished reading a view from a bridge & put notes on the power point sheets however I then looked back on it & realised it was illegible! So I wrote it up here, is that ok I’m sorry for the inconvenience, & it won’t happen again. Sorry again, Daisy 🙂 A view from the bridge. 15th September. Research tasks: Who was Arthur Miller? Find autobiographical information about the playwright. Arthur Miller, playwright from New York, became a journalist, worked with Italian immigrants during WWII. Which gave him an outlook Into the Sicilian dreams & inspiration for â€Å"A View From The Bridge. † Miller’s first play flopped, but his second; â€Å"All My Sons† was a massive success. He divorced his first wife in 1961 & married Marilyn Munroe, the reason for this is unknown as apparently they were never really in love & divorced in 1963, it is thought Monroe married him for intelligence & milled married Monroe for beauty, Miller then wrote a play â€Å"After The Fall† that is thought to be based on their relationship. Miller died in 2005. Which other plays has Arthur miller written? Do they have any common themes? â€Å"After The Fall†, â€Å"The Prince†, â€Å"The Archbishop’s Ceiling†, â€Å"The Clock†, â€Å"Broken Glass†, â€Å"All My Sons†, â€Å"Death Of A Salesman†, â€Å"Crucible†. A common theme of Arthur Miller’s play was the examining of an individual in relation to their authority; this means the plays are often considered political. Where is Brooklyn? What was it like in the 1940’s? Who lived & worked there? What sort of environment was it? What’s it like now? Brooklyn is a borough of New York; in the 1940s it had a large Italian population due to the ports near the bridge. Brooklyn was split in two it had the middle class areas such as Flatbush & working class areas like Red Hook, the setting for â€Å"A View The Bridge. † In the mid to late 1940s Brooklyn was enjoying a good period the gang violence was, all though easily noticed, small. As Brooklyn reached the end of the 1940s the borough began a period of decline & by the early 1950s gangsters were ripe & until the 1980s it was classed as a bad place to live. People from all over Europe lived & worked in Brooklyn it also had a large African-American community. Brooklyn now has a safer & cleaner track record with very little gang violence & a large business district the 3rd largest in New York State. Which groups of people immigrated to the United States in the 1940’s? What was life like for them when they arrived? The main groups of people immigrating to the United States in the 1940s were European, particularly Italians & Russians. When they first arrived life would be tough they would usually leave their homelands with nothing & have to find jobs & work quickly so they could live out their own â€Å"American Dream†. Find out as much as you can about Italian-American communities†¦ Which television programmes & films include Italian-American characters? How do they talk? Is this community stereotyped? What values can you identify in this community? The most famous film on Italian-Americans would probably be â€Å"Scarface† a movie based on Italian-American gangster Al Capone, the Italian-American community is stereotyped as a very tight family, which it represents in gangs or mobs, the Italian-American dialect is varied through out Brooklyn, Bugs Bunny has an accent based on the Flatbush dialect. Wikipedia – â€Å"Italian Americans are higher in the rate & degree of the tensing & rising of (oh) & (aeh) than that of Jewish American New Yorkers. † The values of the communities of Italian Americans seem as though they all run everything as a family business, & a tight knit friendship group. What is a ‘tragedy’? Find out the main features or conventions of this type of play. Make sure you go right back to Greek tragedy. A Greek tragedy is a form of art portraying human suffering causing audience pleasure this form has been modernised to usually end a play in a death where all characters end in despair, or worse off than they were at the beginning. Alfieri’s first speech. What have we learnt about the people who live in Red Hook? We have learnt from the opening speech from Alfieri that Red Hook was the slum of Brooklyn & the gullet of New York, Red Hook is portrayed as very violent with no care for the law, but it is now ore civilised & getting better, people are no longer as scared as they were, as Alfieri says: â€Å"I no longer feel the need to keep a gun† It shows Red Hook at one time was extremely intimidating & bad but now much better. Alfieri goes onto mention how his relatives often tell him not to get involved with cases, this shows the Italian-American-tight knit-family-like-ness & how his business seems to be everyone’s business. What does Alfieri mean when he says â€Å"justice is very important† here? When Alfieri says â€Å"justice is very important here† he is using a bit of sarcasm he is commenting on how people do feel justice is important but their own personal justice not the government’s justice. & How people can commit murder believing it is all right because of there own justice. However you feel a sense of irony as he is a lawyer speaking & he is discussing justice that he may well deal with in court. The fact he is a lawyer also shows there is work for lawyers in Red Hook so some sort of governed justice is important. Now the people â€Å"settle for half† instead of using a gun for justice, what does that mean? Alfieri’s comment â€Å"now the people settle for half† is commenting on now that Red Hook has been cleaned up a bit his services a called on more & although it means the person against the allegations may not be killed he will be brought to governed justice & possible face prison. Eddie’s story is not like the ‘petty troubles of the poor. ‘ Why might he come to see Alfieri? Eddie’s story is not like the petty troubles of the poor because we realise through out the book that aside from the immigrants in his house being illegal, they have actually done nothing wrong & although his allegations against Rodolfo being gay are also wrong, it is not illegal to be gay. Alfieri also deals mainly in family squabbles, evictions & compensation cases, but Eddie’s is different because it’s more about jealousy & revenge.