Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process

Introduction Historically, much debate exists surrounding the cultural role and its place within the labour market system. Research examining the labour market has posed that culture is peripheral within occupational sorting with regard to status attainment (Blau & Duncan, 1967; Tilly & Tilly, 1998). While comparatively, sociologists who are concerned with culture indicate that culture plays a crucial part in placing value on materials and rewards, this often includes accessibility to distribution of the most desirable jobs and occupations (Lareau & Weininger 2011). In today’s global economy, many firms across all sectors are competing for talent. In particular, firms in the knowledge based industries, such as IT industry, financial services, engineering and pharmaceuticals, have engaged in a war of talent (Cubik 2013). Given the costs involved in recruitment including advertising and agency fees, selection criteria has become a paramount consideration. However, in spite of its known importance, limited empirical evidence exists to fully capture the role that culture plays in occupational attainment. It has been suggested that hiring within the labour market is one of the most crucial decisions for organisational success (Bills, 2003). In a study by Bills (2003) it is noted that the attainment of occupational status while ensuring stable income is a predominant factor within the hiring transaction. Within the literature it has been hypothesised that existing similarities amongst employers and perspective employees are crucial and influential in how employers make their decision to hire (Lamont, 1992). To date, there is very limited empirical literature which has been successful and systematic in explaining culture and its role in hiring (Huffcutt, 2011; Stainback, Tomaskovic-Devey & Skaggs, 2010). The process of recruitment and selection has in the past focused on skills and experience (Marcel et al., 2013). Indeed, it makes a lot of sense to recruit employees with the right set of skills and experience for a job which is similar to their attributes. While skills and experience continue to play an increasing role in the recruitment and selection of employees, research has pointed out to ‘culture fit’ as a key differentiator in the selection process (Hunt 2014). Nowadays, human resource professionals have gone to great lengths to build the organisational culture right into the selection criteria (Croteau 2014). Empirical literature is limited on the impact of cultural matching in determining organisational success. Systematic empirical research on the impact of cultural matching in hiring decisions is virtually non-existent (Rivera, 2012). This literature review will contribute to informing current knowledge on advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities within the candidate evaluation process. Questions addressed will include: does cultural matching really matter in the hiring process, and is it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fit. Defining the context of this area of research Culture is increasingly becoming the peripheral for occupational sorting. This has been driven by the popular view that organisations with employees that fully embrace the culture find it easy to navigate through tough economic times (Cubik 2013). Contrary to the popular view, does cultural matching really matter in the hiring processIs it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fitExploring this topic is important considering the recent ‘skill gap’ crippling engineering firms. In the UK, there is currently a shortfall in most areas of graduate recruitment. According to the Confederation of British Industry, the national shortage in graduate recruitment in many areas especially engineering sector may put a brake on economic recovery (Paton 2014). Tens of thousands of engineers are retiring without graduates to replace them (Osborne 2013). Many organisations across the globe are yet to put in place means to measuring cultural fit in their recruitment and selection process (Cubik 2014). It is time to re-examine the advantages and disadvantages of such cultural matching. Such an objective assessment will act as a wakeup call for managers and HR professionals to critically review their recruitment processes and ascertain whether conformity to mainstream organisational culture gives the best outcome. Past literature has provided a useful case study which considers elite professional service firms. It was suggested that an often untested hypothesis within this field is how similarities which exist culturally and can be reflected in shared experiences, preferences, individual characteristics or even presentation of self (Bourdieu, 1984). Additionally, that these cultural similarities which are at interplay between employers and those applying for jobs are crucial in determining the employers hiring decision. It is posed that hiring as a process has many more intricacies than just a basic recognition and sorting of skills; rather, a complex process exists which incorporates the cultural matching of potential employees between those who apply for jobs, those who evaluate and the companies who hire them. Past literature indicates that employers seek out those perspective employees who are competent and importantly seem to possess cultural similarities. It was uncovered that culture si milarities were of upmost concern to employers, often overriding concerns solely surrounding productivity (Rivera, 2012). Considerations relating to the advantages and disadvantages of the cultural role in determining how employers hire Processes are evident which are interpersonal in nature and apparent in evaluating cultural similarities to determine candidate evaluation. These processes empirically demonstrate how cultural similarities predict hiring within the workforce. The process of hiring an employee is a very influential and powerful determinant in influencing outcomes of the labour market. The protocol for hiring practice is a mechanism which can be the cornerstone in facilitating employment opportunities for some, while disabling for others. Hiring is crucial in order to prosper or excel in most occupations and advance in income brackets, therefore, considering the intricacies of hiring are important to understand social closure or opposing economic stratification (Elliot and Smith, 2004). The hiring process between employers and employees is typically interpreted as a matching process which exists to filter organisational characteristics, with the job requirements, and perceived skill of the job candidate (Tilly & Tilly, 1998). Previous literature has summarised how employers’ hiring decisions as based on: evaluating the potential employee on what has been described as human capital, for example their hard or soft skills and attributes; secondly their potential for social capital, represented by their social connections; and finally in evaluating their demographic characteristics (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Moreover, research is recognising that gaps exist in our current knowledge on the processes of hiring. It should be noted that when human capital, social capital, demographic traits are all accounted for in understanding how employers hire, there remains unexplained variance. Consequently, investigating how employers carry out their decision making is an area which needs to be informed in the literature (Heckman and Siegelman, 1993). Much of this unexplained variance could be implicated in methodological and data limitations. A majority of the existing literature in this area is quantitative in nature and places focus on the type of individuals in the application process or comparisons between pre and post hiring, leaving the decision making process unexplained (Fernandez & Fernandez, 2006). Furthermore, constraints are evident in keeping to assessing what is easy to access or observe by using information which is quite often extracted from records of employment. Thus it is clear that in order to fully understand the hiring process, decision-making is an important factor to investigate, to distinguish between how employers evaluate, make comparisons and select new employees. By further investigating this decision making process it is hoped that more subtle factors will be revealed to explain employers’ decisions in relation to the outcomes of hiring (Gross, 2009). The Role of Culture Previous investigations into how the employer selects employees have predominantly focused on individual characteristics, the organisational context, or factors within the institution (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Perhaps, however this process of employment incorporates more than the context of candidates, or companies and recruitment should be recognised as an interpersonal process. Overall, within most industries the main components of an interview for a job are key determinants of success or failure in hiring. Job candidates create impressions of themselves within the interview situation and this impacts upon the likelihood of them getting hired, it has even been posed that this carries more weight than their qualification achievements (Graves & Powell, 1995). However even with this knowledge, within the literature focus often reflects pre or post factors regards hiring. Therefore it is apparent that focus should be placed on interpreting the dimensions which represent the interperson al nature of the recruitment process (Roscigno, 2007; Stainback et al., 2010). Within a micro-social setting existing literature describes dynamics which are interpersonal and has concluded that similarities are one of the most substantial indicators in determining how an individual is evaluated and how desirable they are to an employer (Byrne, 1971) and this has been confirmed within an interview setting (Huffcutt, 2011). Research in this area has previously examined gender or race similarities, and in addition similarities in tastes, life experiences, leisure activities, or self-presentation which can greatly impact interpersonal attraction and therefore stratification (Lareau and Weininger, 2003; Wimmer & Lewis, 2010). Upon a first meeting, typically people seek out shared commonalities which could be in knowledge, an experience, or personal interests (Gigone & Hastie, 1993). It is through uncovering these similarities that people connect emotionally and this then facilitates a trusting and comforting environment, creating excitement, and building bonds betw een individuals (Collins, 2004; DiMaggio, 1987; Erickson 1996). Within psychology there is a well-known hypothesis which poses similarity creates attraction (Byrne, 1971) and similarly within sociology what is known as the ‘homophily’ principle (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954) also infers that similarities culturally promote attraction. However, it should be noted that having similar cultural identities equates to more than simply having shared interests. It is posed that cultural identity importantly determines our evaluation strategy (DiMaggio, 1987; Lamont & Molnar, 2002). Past literature, (Weber, 1946), concluded that having the same interest in things like leisure pursuits, or similar experiences, presentation style, and other life factors create membership within certain groups and are fundamental in determining an individual being included in a desirable opportunity. Very specifically, Weber indicated that lifestyle factors are cornerstone in estimating status within group reproduction and social closure. In weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of hiring and the role culture plays, even if this is unconscious, cultural similarities may be greatly at play during the evaluation process and be a determinant of rewards. A classic study in this research area was based on interviews in a college between counsellors and students within the community (Erickson & Schultz, 1981). It was reported that similarities which were established within this relationship were the most crucial determinants in shaping the councillors view about a student’s potential and future success. Even within the presence of co-membership, the most important indicator seemed to be perceived similarities in experience. Moving on form this, more recent literature (Lamont, 2009) implicated that within academia research proposals were favoured for academic fellowships when the proposal was similar to the interests of that particular scholar who was evaluating the applicant. These types of selection bias have many important implications, are inclusive of access to resources as well as social rewards, and also in predicting long term trajectories within an educational, social or economic setting (DiMaggio & Mohr, 1985). Much literature is apparent which has been based on examining culture with stratification and this is disproportionate due to its focus on the educational setting (Stevens, Armstrong & Arum, 2008). Apparent limitations are evident in examining cultural similarities post-graduation. An important area of research clearly appears to be to determine outcomes for students who have gained similar qualifications in the process of applying for jobs within the labour market. A good example to illustrate this phenomenon could be to further investigate the hiring process within the power of stratifying through shared cultural similarities. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities could further be explained by assessing if students gain financial reward through cultural similarities and this would be recognised through the attainment of a desirable job and matching salary. Useful research would investigate the advantages of cultural similarities and if this transla tes economically (Bourdieu, 1986) within the labour force, this hypothesis has been neglected within empirical literature (Bills, 2003). Furthermore it is known that the qualities upon which we make our assessments are generally not context specific (Lamont, 1992), therefore it cannot be representative that culture similarities are identical, perhaps in both a classroom and interview situation. Within cultural research there has been a lack of systematic assessment in relation to hiring, and in contrast to this those who academically assess hiring may have previously under-theorised the role of culture. Overall a majority of hiring research in a sociological setting has examined the process of employers evaluating their prospective employees’ hard skills and specifically cognitive skills. Whereas those papers that have explored non-cognitive skills will most likely focus on things that will impact upon productivity and include soft skills (Farkas, 2003). A disadvantage in this field of research is how cultural contexts and lifestyle have been classed as non-productive entities and therefore under studied in an empirical setting (Tilly & Tilly, 1998). On the other hand, an advantage in this particular area of research has been that investigations which have examined the employment process, have recognised that similarities are an important predictor of candidate employment however, this research has previously been limited by focusing on gender or ethnicity (Gorman, 2005). This may be explained partly by limited data on informative information as it is not always an easy task to capture similarities on underlying tastes or lifestyle factors, and if this information has been obtained then it is somewhat difficult to quantify (Stevens, 2008). Moreover, within empirical literature it is common to use similarities which are demographic in nature when estimating shared culture. It should be clear that both culture and a set structure are mutually reinforcing entities, whereas an individual’s gender or ethnicity can greatly impact their cultural identity (Sewell, 1992; Swidler, 1986). It would be advantageous to examine the varia tion represented by individual values, experience or beliefs and common behaviour among unique demographic culture (Lamont & Small, 2008). Thus, in order to gain a true and reflective picture of a cultural hiring prospective, research must consider demographics as well as cultural similarities and life experiences between those who are hiring and potential employees (Turco, 2010). Research exists which has made the assumption that gender and ethnic similarities override any other shared common experiences. These ethnic and gender similarities should be recognised as being greatly influential attributes in determining interpersonal attraction and likelihood of a positive evaluation. Continuing research in this area has confirmed a hypothesis which was outlined by Tajfel and Turner’s (1986) suggesting that in and out group preferences can vary. Importantly, more current literature has revealed that demographics can moderate preferences in a within group setting (Ely, 1995). When examining the hiring process, gender and ethnic similarities between those hiring and potential job candidates have produced inconsistencies in effect (Huffcutt, 2011). Conclusion To clarify, previous literature efforts should be made to investigate a range of similarities which incorporate more than gender and ethnicity with their impact on the labour market (Castilla, 2011). The current literature review has presented a review of the literature in this area and it can be concluded that it would be advantageous to assess the relationships between interpersonal characteristics and how people are evaluated based on their shared cultural attributes. From the current literature it can be perceived that shared characteristics are important in a variety of contexts however it is also clear that identifying cultural similarities in the context of employment success would be an especially useful and important piece of research. In psychology it has been shown that between those who perceive themselves as similar, this can actually impact and control the effects of attraction and similarity. Subjectively believing that an individual shares similarities with you on mul tiple dimensions within a unique context may be a crucial determinant in dis-entangling our understanding of interpersonal attraction (Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Subjective impressions of perceived similarities may be most influential within an interaction which is personalised, run over an increased duration of time and based on identifying additional information to what is visible (Montoya, Horton & Kirchner 2008), this is apt in the setting of a job interview. Previous literature has indicated that having perceived similarities are possibly more important than true similarities on the overall decision within the employment process (Graves & Powell, 1995). Shared culture is imperative to consider if we want to fully understand how perceived similarities operate (Lamont & Molnar, 2002). In spite of this information and within sociological research the process of hiring has usually overseen shared culture in determining how employers are influenced. Some literature does exist which recognises the importance of cultural similarities and has been seen in a qualitative study by Neckerman & Kirschenman (1991). Here, in relation to urban employers it was hypothesised that cultural similarities predict employers’ decisions. DiMaggio (1992) was responsible for labelling recruitment as a ‘cultural matching’ process. In spite of knowing that cultural similarities are influential predictors of job success (Turco, 2010), cultural factors have typically been excluded or overlooked and deemed as not productive or observable in past research (Pager, Western & Bonikowski, 2009). A number of authors have emphasised the importance conformity to mainstream organizational culture when making hiring decisions. For example, in their study on the impact of organisational culture on human resource practices, Omotayo & Anthonia (2013) argued that the congruence between individual values and organisational culture was crucial in the recruitment and selection process. They argued that it helped reduce absenteeism and turnover, and that it increased employee morale and satisfaction leading to increased productivity and better performance. In a similar vein, Silverthorne (2004) argues that employees who are better fit to the organisational culture are more likely to experience higher job satisfaction and become more committed to the organisation. However, to some extent these arguments are debatable; it is not necessarily true that cultural matching in recruitment and selection leads to the best outcome. There is a greater tendency for HR managers to hire people that they think are similar to them rather than hiring those who are objectively good at their job (Booth, 2002). A phenomenal candidate who would have taken the company to another level can be missed out just because he/she could not satisfy the criteria around cultural fit (Marcel et al., 2013). 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The Global Concerns For Environmental Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay

Environment means everything that surrounds us. It includes topographic points where we live in & A ; things we depend upon. Our natural environment comprises of life every bit good as inanimate things, Sun, Moon, Sky, Air, Water, Rivers, Soil, Mountains, Land, Forests besides workss & A ; animate beings, all these things affect us & A ; we depend on them straight or indirectly like other life signifiers. The basic beginning of life is The Environment therefore we must conserve it for the safety of the world.GLOBAL CONCERNS for ENVIORNMENTAL CONSERVATIONThe Global Concerns for Environmental Conservation that make our economic system resourceful are as follows: – Land ( dirt ) , Water, Air, Sound ( noise ) , Pollutions & A ; its direction. Environmental Awareness Programs. Conservation Motions. Informal Environmental Education. Diverseness of Flowers, harvests, Animals. Sustainable Development- How? & A ; Why?ENVIORMENT POLLUTION & A ; HUMAN LIFEPollution may be defined as that undeserving alteration of air, H2O, dirt ( Land ) & A ; sound ( noise ) in their Physical, Chemical every bit good as Bio- Characteristics such that they become harmfull, to human existences along with other utile Bio-creatures, animate beings, insects, trees in add-on to workss. Healthy Enviornment is the disciplined & A ; balanced signifier of nature. Further more the perturbation of this subject & A ; balance gives rise to pollution. The growing & A ; development of all Living things depend upon balanced Environment where the Environment ‘s different components are in equilibrium. In particular fortunes effects of undeserving & A ; deleterious components addition. As a consequence the Environment gets polluted & A ; the effects have to be faced by all living existences. Kinds OF POLUTION: – AIR POLUTION WATER POLUTION SOIL ( LAND ) POLUTION SOUND ( NOISE ) POLUTIONSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTSustainable Development is a form of usage of resources that aim to run into human demands while continuing the environment so that these demands can be met non merely in the present but besides for future coevalss. The term was used in 1987 by` The World Commission on Environment and development ‘ WECD popularly known as the UNITED NATIONS BRUNDTLAND COMMISSION which laid down the foundation for a argument on the significance of `Sustainable development and the function of environment on development.The Commission coined its definition as Development that â€Å" meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of farther concern for the transporting capacity of natural systems with the societal challenges confronting the humanity. † This is a holistic construct of sustainability. It goes beyond the construct of environmental protection for the interest of future coevals.Nobel Laureate Robert Solow defined it as doing certain the following coevals is every bit good off as the current coevals and guaranting that this continues for all clip. He says that adult male made capital such as machine, edifice etc and cognition are replacements for natural capital, peculiarly natural resources. In 1970 ‘s Sustainability was described as Economy in equilibrium with basic ecological support system. Ecologists brought frontward the Concept of â€Å" The Limits to Growth. † The UN ‘s 2005 World SUMMIT outcome papers refers to the â€Å" mutualist & A ; reciprocally reenforcing pillars † of Sustainable Development as Economic Development, Social Development & A ; Environmental Protection. Sustainable Development mantra enjoins current coevalss to take a system attack to growing & A ; development and to pull off natural. Produced & A ; societal capital for the public assistance of their ain & A ; future coevalss. It sets bounds on the Developing World during their development the First World Countries produced important Pollution, the same states encourage the 3rd World Countries to cut down pollution which sometimes impedes growing. Sustainability is a procedure of doing certain that current procedures of interaction with the Environment are pursued with the thought of maintaining the Environment every bit pristine as of course possible. An UNSUSTAINABLE SITUATION occurs when the natural resources are used up faster than can be replenished. Sustainability requires that the natural capital be used at a rate that which can be replenished of course. The thought of Sustainable Development grew from legion Environmental motions in earlier decennaries Acmes such as the EARTH SUMMIT in RIO Brazil, 1992 were major international meetings to convey Sustainable Development to the mainstream. The UN ‘s has called for the ‘greening ‘ of the planetary economic system including in poorer states, with G-20 leaders perpetrating to reason dialogues and make understanding on a replacement treaty to the Kyoto protocol in Copenhagen. In a joint study from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research advises the G-20 to concentrate their recovery plans on energy efficiency, substructure and clean engineering markets. The UN International Fund for Agricultural Development is naming on authorities to speed up Agriculture development, with the fiscal downswing forcing 1000000s of people particularly hapless rural people, into low poorness. Global Coalition Civil Society Initiative: – the alliance, which includes the international brotherhood for the preservation of nature, the planetary preservation group WWF, the International Institute for Environment & A ; Development along with trade brotherhood and concern groups, urges the G-20 to put in a Green Economy. It is a procedure which tells of a development of all facets of human life impacting nutriment it means deciding the struggle between viing ends of development and at the same time involves chase of economic prosperity environmental quality & A ; societal equity famously known as THREE DIMENSIONS. The United State ‘s Division Sustainable Development lists assorted countries as coming within the range of Sustainable Development.DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe field of Sustainable Development can be conceptually broken into three constitutional parts: – Enviornmental Sustainability Economic Sustainability Socio-Political Sustainability The Concept has included impressions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology. It does non concentrate entirely on Environmental issues.The impression of Capital in SUSTAINABLE Development-Societies need to pull off three types of Capital i.e. : –ECONOMICSOCIALNaturalAll the above-named Capitals are complementary to each other. These may be non-substitutable & A ; their ingestion may be irreversible such as Ecosystem services like Ozone bed Protection or the clime stabilising map of the Amazonian Forest can non be replaced. Many Natural Resources are muti-functional for e.g. Forests provide Raw stuff for paper ( which can be substituted quiet easy ) , but they besides maintain bio diverseness, regular H2O flow & A ; absorb Carbon Dioxide. Natural & A ; Social Capital are besides partly irreversible. The depletion of Natural & A ; Social Capital have non-linear effects. Consumption of Natural & A ; Social Capital have non discernible impact until a certain threshold is reached for e.g. A Lake can, absorb foods for a long clip while increasing its productiveness. However one time a certain degree of algae is reached, deficiency of O causes the lakes ecosystem to interrupt down all of a sudden. Unsustainable Exploitation of natural resources is a major factor for increasing ecological perturbation taking to the undermentioned issues like Global Warming Ozone Layer Depletion, Droughts, Floods, and Scarcity of fuel, Fodder, Pollution of air & A ; H2O, dirt eroding & A ; impairment of dirt wellness, take downing of land H2O. Sustainable Development is a procedure in which development can be sustained for coevalss. It affords to the hereafter generations the same, if non more, capacity to thrive as the present coevals has therefore Sustainable Development focuses on â€Å" INTERGENERATION EQUITY † in the development of Development Resources chances. The ultimate end of all development is to convey about betterment in the quality of life in the society. Every coevals of world creates every bit good as destroys certain sum of resources for its development but, if rate of devastation of resources is greater than that of creative activity for a period of a century or so there would be non merely no farther development but besides there might be Economic stagnancy or even disaster this is referred to as â€Å" LIMITS OF GROWTH † . Thus the present coevals should either drastically curtail the development of non-renewable resources or recycle at least every bit much sum of resources as it uses up so that the hereafter coevals besides has equal opportunity to develop.CRITIQUE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTThe Concept of Sustainable Development has besides raised several reviews at different degrees. The Population control docket that seems to underlie the construct of Sustainable Development has many times commented upon. In economic system like ecology, the mutuality regulation applies. Isolated actions are impossible a policy if non carefully thought, will transport perverse and inauspicious effects for the ecology every bit good as for the economic system. It is a gateway to interventionist proceedings which can be against to the rule of freedom and without proved efficaciousness. The betterment of environment quality depends on the market economic system and the being of legitimate and Protected belongings rights they enable the effectual pattern of personal duty and the development of mechanisms to protect the environment. The State can in this context create conditions which encourage people to salvage the environment. Many suggestions to salvage our environment and to advance a theoretical account of ‘sustainable development ‘ hazard so taking to inauspicious effects. Furthermore the bounds of the public action which are underlined by the public pick theory: pursuit by the political relations of their ain involvements, anteroom force per unit area, partial revelation. It is a gateway to interventionist proceedings which can be against the rule of freedom and without proved efficaciousness. The betterment of environment quality depends on the market economic system and the being of legitimate and protected belongings rights. They enable the effectual pattern of personal duty and the development of mechanisms to protect the environment. The State can in this context create conditions which encourage the people to salvage the environment.De-GrowthThe advocates of De-Growth suggest that the term of ‘Sustainable Development ‘ is an oxymoron. Harmonizing to them on a planet where 20 % of population consumes 80 % of natural resources, a Sustainable Development can non be possible for this 20 % : â€Å" Harmonizing to the beginning of the construct of sustainable development, a development which meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands, the right term for the developed states should be a Sustainable De-growth. Economists have considered economic system and the environment as a individual interlinked system with a incorporate rating methodological analysis. Intergenerational Equity can be incorporated into this attack. Economi sts are leting the possibility of renewable options to petro-chemicals & A ; other non-renewable resources. Efficient policies compatible with increasing human public assistance are being worked upon. Thus the THREE PILLARS of Sustainable Development are: – Interlinkages Intergenerational Equity Dynamic Efficiency Energy Security is a turning concern for rich & A ; emerging Nations. Leading States have been addicted to oil & A ; non invested much into the options.THE MIDDLE WAYSustainable Development implies using renewable natural resources in a mode which eliminate or limit their use or public-service corporation for the future coevalss. It besides implies use of renewable ( exhaustible ) mineral resources in such a manner that they are easy uaccessible to the future coevalss. It besides includes within its scope that the consuming non-renewable resources should be utilized at a slow adequate rate so as to guarantee high chance of an orderly society passage to renewable energy resources. It ensures maximal rate of resource ingestion for a selected development undertaking would be attained indefinitely without increasingly impairing its bio-productivity and ecology unity. Thus Enviornmental preservation accelerates Economic Development than impeding it. This is a recreation from the general b elief. Therefore Environmental Plans have to guarantee: Sustainable and Equitable usage of resources without doing harm to the resources and enabling their sufficient use by both present & A ; future coevalss. It is necessary to halt and forestall farther harm to our life-support system. Conserving biological diverseness and fostering the Gene-pool and other resources for long term nutrient security. The Primary aim of Sustainable Development is to cut down absolute poorness by supplying secure supports that minimize resource depletion, environmental debasement, cultural break and societal instability. Carbon Dioxide in the air causes climate alteration. Restricting its emanation would be dearly-won but if implemented bit by bit the cost of emanations restriction programme would b modest. A cap and trade system would raise the monetary value of anything that straight or indirectly leads to the combustion of fossil fuels. A cap and trade system would raise the monetary value of anything that leads to combustion of Fossil Fuels. Electricity in peculiar would go more expensive since its production takes topographic point in coal fired workss. Electric public-service corporations could cut down their demand to buy licenses by restricting their emanations of C dioxide which is the purpose of cap & A ; trade, to give them an inducement to make that nevertheless steps taken to cut down emanations such as switching to energy beginnings capturing and sequestering much of the C dioxide they emit would raise their cost. If emanation licenses were auction off, the gross therefore raised would give consumer discounts or cut down other revenue enhancements, partly of puting the higher monetary values. There are critical thresholds in the planets climate system, and if we pass these thresholds, the effects are irreversible. Poor states did non do the crisis yet have been severely hurt by it they need money to develop low C growing schemes. There will be no clime alteration trade if the West does non finance greenish economic schemes in the underdeveloped universe. The developed universe is responsible for the green house gasses but the flow of new emanations will come from the fast growth, emerging, developing states as energy demands are increasing exponentially in these states fore-fifths of the growing in emanations between now & amp ; 2030 will come from these states. The Carbon Market can assist developing states in cut downing deforestation and ecosystem debasement. Carbon Market instead than Carbon revenue enhancement is more appropriate for turn toing Climate Change. Several states have program for emanation cuts ( Brazil, EU, Indonesia, Russia, US, South Korea ) or C strength decrease ( China, India ) . China offers 40 % to 45 % decrease in C strength by 2020 it is a continuance of its already bing policy which began in 2006. By 2020 U.S. purposes to cut down emanations by 17 % relation to 2005. However this is below the coveted degree as the IPCC recommends decrease of 25 % to 45 % by the twelvemonth 2020, for rich countries.. Decision ; Battling poorness, betterment in demographic construction, alteration in ingestion forms, wellness, human colony, pollution control, energy direction, intervention of industrial wastes, control of risky stuffs, and after all the critical demands for overall sustainable development of states Beginning: Pratiyogita Darpan-August 2010 and December 2010 hubpages.com/hub/ways-to-prevent-global-warmingA www.content4reprint.com/ †¦ /global-warming-causes-consequences-and-remedies.htmA www.globalwarming.org.in/A -en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_IndiaA www.globalwarming.org.in

Innovation and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation and Sustainability - Essay Example We are currently the principal species on the earth in all respects. And the environmental effects of our supremacy, as depicted by our overwhelming consumption and technological progress, can be seen in each and every corner of the human race. Such transformation in population and their shock necessitate cautious research so that scientists can comprehend and suggest thoughts for resource management (Turk & Bensel 2011). To be able to follow population trends in due course, scholars proposed the field of demography. Demographers’ focal point is on a few key variables namely— birth rates, death rates, and fertility rates—to find out and forecast how a populace changes over a point in time. Demographers have recognized the chief cause of the exponential growth in human popu ­lation of the ancient times as discrepancy between death rates and birth rates. All the way through nearly all of human history, both birth and death rates were high, but more or less consta nt, and hence the population was kept the same as well. Developments in science, medicine, sani ­tation, and nutrition over the last tens of two hundred years contributed to increasing the life expectancies and consequently a decline in mortality rates. Since birth rates did not instantaneously drop, as fatality rates declined, the overall human population increased. in the present day, birth rates in various nations have gone down to levels close to fatality rates, and their populations have started to become stable. On the other hand, other nations are still in the middle of a demographic evolution on the road to low overall birth and death rates. Reducing birth rates is the heart of nearly every country population policy, and there is much discussion over what strategies to employ. Without a doubt arguments between and among political, social, and reli ­gious realms frenzy over whether stricter, more forceful actions are required to shrink birth rates. Furthermore, a rising n umber of ecological scientists at present make out that besides the absolute numbers, wealth and the consumption patterns of persons in a certain population also have force on the surroundings. The relations between increasing human numbers, expanding levels of material comfort and consumption, and impacts on the environment are devastating. Human beings have related environmental resources as with respect to consumption is how citizens use resources matters a lot more. a number of of the people leave much bigger track than others. Global warming is an excellent case in point. Carbon emissions from fossil fuels are mounting fastest in China, thanks to its protracted economic growth, but fertility there is by now below replacement; not much more can be done to be in charge of popula ­tion. Where population is on the increase fastest, in sub-Saharan Africa, emissions per head are no more than a few percent of what they are in the U.S.— hence population control would have slig ht effect on climate. Man has regarded environmental resources as finite. That is why it is imperative to sustainably mange the environmental resources. Water, land and fossil fuels are scarce and are in high demand (Nafis, 2001). Therefore, in order to save human kind from these habits there is need to Change Our Patterns of Production and Consumption to Save

Chinese Media Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Chinese Media - Research Proposal Example In the endeavor to maintain their hold on the conventional media, the Chinese government has blocked the popular sites of facebook, twitter, and YouTube amongst other sites that are a platform for free expression. The Chinese people are left with the option of building their own sites that conform to the policies of their government. One of these sites is Sina Weibo. This site has been revolutionary since its inception in the year 2009. Much of its success is owed to the closure of Twitter, in China, around that year. In order to show the significance Weibo in the context of Chinese media freedom, this paper will analyze its role in reporting the high-speed train collision in Wuhan. Weibo has been instrumental in propagating social justice, as such; it has become a precipitate of government accountability that has been lacking in China. Sina Weibo has registered approximately two hundred and fifty million users to date. Chinese Weibo has the largest following in comparison to any one of the global sites operating in the world at the moment. Owing to the large Chinese population, Sina Weibo is larger than the sum of all other sites combined. Out of this, ten percent are frequent users on a daily basis. Ten percent of two hundred and fifty million is quite a considerable figure. It has become a platform of discussion of the most contagious issues pertaining to China. Most of these, however, arise from social, political and cultural issues. This is contrary to the social sites in the west. Western sites are primarily social interaction enhancing mediums. This is exemplified by the interactions on Facebook. The power of Sina Weibo is sourced from its function as a major forum for hosting public opinion. Unlike Twitter which is mainly a social networking site, its counterpart Sina Weibo mainly focuses on public opinion o f ongoing affairs. It achieves this by providing for its users a free opportunity to participate in public affairs. An avenue via which the public could voice out its concerns has been all but lacking.  Ã‚  

Employee Retention in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Retention in UK - Essay Example Organizationally committed employees will usually have good attendance records, demonstrate a willing adherence to company policies, and have lower turnover rates. In particular, their broader base of job knowledge often translates into loyal customers and even pay premium price. Employee retention is an issue since the turnover levels from various industries are rising. Statistics show different percentages related to turnover rates as well as the reasons for the increasing turnover. "Turnover levels vary very considerably from industry to industry. The highest levels of turnover (22.6%) are found in private sector organisations. Successive surveys of labour turnover show that the highest levelsare found in retailing, hotels, cateringand leisure,and among other lower paid private sector services groups. The public sector has an average turnover rate of 13.7%." (Stone, 2007) Almost a quarterof employees in the UK have been in their current jobs forfive years.As a proportion of aggregate turnover, the percentage of people leaving organisations through redundancy remains small. There was a slight decreasefrom 28% to 24%of organisations making more than ten people redundant during 2006 and in those operating a recruitment freeze from 24% to 22%in the course of the year. The cost of high staff turnover can be substantial. ... irect financial costs of replacing staff but also other repercussions such as the potential loss of key skills, knowledge and experience, disruption to operations and the negative effect on workforce morale. In addition, high turnover represents a considerable burden both on HR and line managers as they are constantly recruiting and training new staff. When seeking to resolve the problems associated with high turnover, companies must first investigate the underlying causes. They need to have in mind an appropriate level of attrition by benchmarking against similar organisations and taking into account the real costs of turnover to the company. Different theories of employee retention People are vital components for the effective operation of the organisation; as a matter of fact, managers often say that people are their most important assets. The human assets are never shown on the balance sheets as a distinct category, although a big amount of money is invested in the recruitment, selection, training of personnel. Rensis Likert suggested maintaining accounts of the valuable human assets through human resource accounting. The importance of the employees cannot be over emphasized because it can determine the success or failure of the organisation. Make-You-Happy Action Teams (MAT) plays a critical role in managing employee retention. This is Z-Theory management. To briefly sate, Z-Theory management means everyone that is effected by a decision for the company gets a "say" or a "vote" in the decision (tons more on Z-Theory Management in another article). This means employees are directly involved in decision making that affects them. When then make decisions that directly affect them, they stay around longer. This theory can help in managing employee retention due

Being America's First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense Essay

Being America's First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense - Essay Example The extent to which this opposition is due to his politics and his race is discussed in the context of recent events. It is concluded that a president cannot enjoy success without reasonable cooperation with those from other political parties. Being America’s First Black President is Not an Impeachable Offense The concept of impeachment has a rich history in American rhetoric. The term emerged from France in the 1640s, and it refers to a judicial proceeding against a public official (OED, 2010). In the United States, only two presidents have ever been impeached: President Andrew Johnson in 1868 (for violating the Tenure of Office Act) and President Bill Clinton in 1998 (for alleged perjury). Both of these attempts at impeachment succeeded; however, they certainly sent a strong message to the accused and the country, and it is an important asset to a constitutional republic. A so-called â€Å"impeachable† offense by a Federal official could be any unethical or illegal ac tion. Regardless of its usefulness in ensuring the rule of law, it is a useful tool in political rhetoric because it signals a substantive opposition to someone in power. Now, opponents of President Barack Obama propose to impeach him because of a wide range of problems they see with his policymaking. Recently, one Republican lawyer drafted impeachment proceedings against the President because of his commitment to help Libyan rebels win their civil war (Smith, 2011). The â€Å"Impeach Obama Campaign,† which is a petition that claims over one million signatures, takes issue with nearly every development emerging from Obama White House (Shapiro, 2011). In a political environment like this, it is little wonder why the President’s opponents claim he has been an ineffective leader. As an expert on negotiation will say, it is impossible to produce good results when every proposal, every thought, and every action is stonewalled. The virtue of winning the political game is pra cticed more than the virtue of creating good policy in the contemporary political environment. However, unquestioning opposition to President Barack Obama is not a new phenomenon; it is something Americans have seen since the young Illinois Senator emerged as a serious candidate in the 2008 election cycle. According to writers at Politico, President Obama has demonstrated that he is not the kind of president with a naive hope to change Washington (Harris & VandeHei, 2010). This is demonstrated by the steps he took in 2010 to overhaul health care in the United States and a financial reform. For an advisor to the President, it is frustrating that despite these accomplishments, America is still not satisfied with the level of success they would like to see from the Federal government (Geraghty, 2010). He notes that any one of the President’s most significant accomplishments would have been celebrated much more heavily if there were any other president in the White House (Geraght y, 2010). Thus, the question becomes about the factors that are holding President Barack Obama back from being celebrated as a successful (or at least â€Å"effective†) president. Indeed, there seems to be a multitude of different factors, not the least of which is the critical opposition he faced from the other side of the political aisle. In what

S4 W8 Second WA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

S4 W8 Second WA - Assignment Example THP has crafted ten principles and is working on them to make sure that its strategies are implemented properly. These principles are displayed in the figure below. THP started its operations in Africa back in 1987; two years after the famine hit the African world. THP started its program named as â€Å"Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger†. The basic idea behind this program was to call up the capable African leaders to help their nation in fighting out against the hunger. The Africa Prize also believes in celebrating and acknowledging the hard work of these devoted individuals from time to time. This program is now a diversified one and out forming other programs by offering vast array of leadership services to the people of Africa. THP’s in 1990s started a decentralized and a more holistic kind of people centered approach known as Strategic Planning in Action. Thousands of villages in Africa have applied to SPIA in order to empower their dwellers to achieve improvement in the sectors of health, nutrition, education and family income. Women are the major producer of food for the household usage in Africa, yet government has not considered them in crafting agricultural policies in order to improve the production of crops. The idea behind initiating such program was to empower the tens of thousands of African farmer women through proper training in the agricultural field. Secondly, the program was a way to drive government’s attention towards the importance of women in this sector and also to the fact that the future of agriculture sector depends on the women food farmers in Africa. This latter task was accomplished by launching a massive advocacy campaign in African countries. AIDS has been progressing in the African countries for years and the main reason is that women have minimal or no power in these countries to protect themselves. â€Å"AIDS and Gender Inequality Workshop† launched by THP in 2003

How Financial and Non Financial Metrics can be used for quantify the Essay - 1

How Financial and Non Financial Metrics can be used for quantify the effectiveness of marketing campaign (Marketing Analytics) - Essay Example Verhoef and Leeflang (2009) assert the idea of financial metrics and state that influence of marketing department in the organisation is positively associated with the financial performance of the firm. Importance and role of the financial metrics for the effectiveness of the marketing campaign can be clearly assessed from the B&K Distributors. The company integrated marketing and communication tool for building its access to the potential customers. The use of the financial measures revealed clear future potential. For example, the growth potential was estimated to increase at 6% as compared to the inflation rate of 3%. Similarly, increased fixed cost for the IT system integration was also justified with 1% as compared to the 3% of the other channels investment (Jeffery and Anfield, 2006). Hence, in the similar format the cost of the entire project is assessed against the revenue and cost savings. This empirical evidence provides sound basis for the decision making in alignment with the main objective of the business which revolves around profitability. However, the net and actual increase in return is not defined after discounting the investment against factors such as the cost o f capital which is 12% and has considerable impact on the return inflows. This makes the investment and the claimed benefits questionable. Also the marketing activities with long term objective are also required to reflect on other parameters such as increase in customer loyalty and image of the company etc. It is important to notice the measure to enhance the image of the company by signing contract with leading fast food chain did not fetch to B&K significant business from independent franchisees. The new plan of IT integration and respective financial metrics and growth projections are again silent on impact on above mentioned parameters. In no contradiction to this fact

Codes of Practice Essay Example for Free

Codes of Practice Essay 1. Legislations that relate to the handling of information in health and social care are: The Human Rights Act 1998 The Data Protection Act 1998 Codes of practice that relate to the handling of information in health and social care are: Codes of Practice – set out by Skills for care CSSIW guidelines 2. The main points of the data protection act are: 1. Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless- 1. at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and 2. in the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met. 2. Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. 3. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. 4. Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. 5. Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. 6. About the rights of individuals e.g.[10] personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects (individuals). 7. Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Example for Free

Managing and Developing People (Developing People) Essay Introduction In this assignment I will be interviewing a member asking for their past experience for undergoing a training programme. I will be researching closely upon aspects * The need for the individual to be on the training programme? * Training method used? * What the cost was? * Any obstacles which made it difficult? These aspects would make the findings for knowing why the member took the training programme and if they gained any skills or knowledge when on the programme. Alongside with what troubles arose when carrying out the training. Interviewee Description The member which I will be interviewing is a 26 year old female called Miss Georgina McDonald who is smart and civilised. She is hard working and likes to socialise with peers and friends. She is able meet deadlines and able to work under pressure when a great load of work is put upon her. The work which Miss Georgina McDonald would train for would be to use the cash machine at Asda. Miss Georgina has had previous skill from her last job where she had to cash up all the finances of her fathers business on a daily basis. She has good numeric qualifications in which will benefit her for any job. Job Role In Miss Georginas previous job she had to cash up all the money which was done in her fathers business and had to input the tight figures so that it couldnt affect the accounts for the business. Her father had made her do the financing as she had the qualifications for maths and was able to count up properly. In Asda the job role which she would want to do is being at the cashing machine as this is one of the good things she is capable of doing. Identifying Reason for being on Training Programme The environment in which everyone does business in is changing constantly, the knowledge and skill needed for the job will also change. The individual to be on the training programme is so she can improve her skill on how to work on the cash machine. Training for using the cash machine is very essential as proper calculations are compulsory. Asda wants to make sure that who ever work in the cashier section is well trained and have no problems being able to carry out tasks on how to manage the cashier. This is taken as one of the important parts in a business as finances can not go wrong. Asda pushes on getting the individual well trained to be able to manage any troubles caused by being able to find out where she has gone wrong. All this matters in training and what they should be taught, what they need to collect how much, they need to give and if they go wrong somewhere how they can cover it. Miss Georgina was given the training as she did not have any cashier skills which would guide her alongside with the job. She had to be given a good level of training so that she could manage a till properly. Miss Georgina had been given the training because she knew without any previous skill or knowledge she would not be able to run a till. There were appraisals with Miss Georgina which helped her with the running and to tell her of any mistakes she was making and setting out objectives for the next appraisal. Description of Training Method For the individual to be on a training programme is so they can handle the work place more efficiently and work with what ever they have been given with best of ability. Usually young people who have left or still studying go on training programmes as it gives them the knowledge and motivation in life. Training methods come useful in the future as it shows what the individual has achieved and what they can offer to the business. Training comes in different form for e.g. * Induction An induction usually is the best way for people getting involved into activities in a new environment. This helps them to know the new place and be familiar with the others. This helps peoples confidence and be able to communicate with members. In Asda it is essential to give a new comer an Induction this is so that they would get familiar with any health and safety aspects and know where any fire exits are located. In many cases induction days are taken so that individuals can get to know the workforce which they in. This helps build confidence and gain a good communication. * Job Shadowing This training method is known as an activity which many organisation make employees do when doing a task. This activity can make an individual carry out a task and make them improve on in by someone senior watching or they could do the task by their own skill and be told what they could do better from improving the method. Asda would not use a job shadow to know what the member is capable of doing and how they would increase the skill by telling them what to do. * Mentoring This method helps individuals to carry out an activity with a senior teaching it. It helps individuals know where they are going wrong and how they can improve it. This helps the individual do the job from its existing skill and if they do it different then expected it would be corrected. Mentoring is a good way of identifying the individuals capability of doing a task and how they can do it. If a senior is to show them how to use a cash machine they would get to know what the functions are for. This method will be appropriate for Asda to do on the individual. * On the Job Training Many businesses usually use the method of training the individual at the work place. This is so that they can work with the resources the have there and also start off with using equipment they have to offer. The trainee is ready to undergo any task at the workplace immediately. When working on the job it is also an advantage to get feedback straight away rather then carrying out a task then being told later on. When the mentoring is done it is possible for the member to get on the job training so that they can work on the equipment at the work place. It is more of a benefit to get training in the real life rather then going somewhere and spending time there. If the member is able to carry the task and get training at the same time this would be less time consuming and not costly at all. * Off the Job Many businesses tend to send there trainees off to another place to learn how to carry out tasks. Resources are used which they offer there and they use them to carry the task. Off the job training also consists of sending an individual off to do a course which they learn at a college or university. Off the job training is worth doing at Asda as this could make the individual gain more experience and skill and carry out the task efficiently. Many times Asda does not send employees on off the job training as this is costly and time consuming. Identifying Training Needs for Trainee The reason for Miss Georgina to be on the training programme is so that she can increase on her productivity for what she is good at. This would make her efficient and comfortable in carrying out a day to day activity. The training needs which will benefit Miss Georgina would be Higher Productivity Efficiency Confident in Numeric Have a high level of Motivation Good future opportunity The reason why Miss Georgina has to be given this training programme is so that she could gain more knowledge on what she is good at. Miss Georgina is not fully qualified and understands the misuse of inappropriate use of calculations, this is why she has been given the opportunity to go on a training programme which she can touch up on and make sure that she dont make silly mistakes. Strength and Weakness The strengths for using the training method on the job training will be a strength as it will help the individual to get a better view of the organisation and who they will working with. This is an advantage because it increases confidence and able to socialise with piers. It builds a family environment when doing this aspect because before they can come in to the real job they would have made friends already. For carrying out an OJT this is a way which the member can increase in skills and be able to forward their knowledge to someone else. Advantages of On The Job Training * Training can be delivered at the optimum time, this means it can immediately perform the task any time in the real world. * The trainee will have the opportunity to practise immediately * Immediate feedback will be provided * Training is delivered to trainee from senior who can integrate the trainee in a team. The Weaknesses in a business will always be the time consuming which effects the running as this is a crucial time in a business. If training programmes are made long it will also effect the costing. A weakness for training a member is that after getting the training from somewhere they usually head off some where better. The weaknesses which Asda could face are Disadvantages for On the Job Training * Too much training can be delivered in one session causing of information overload. * The trainer may not have the right skill and knowledge to teach the trainee with. * If immediate practise is not accompanied by feedback the trainee can feel abandoned after the initial experience. Benefit and Costs for Training The costs for training the individual at Asda will cost nothing as it will be carried out on the job, meaning what every training the member will get will be done in Asda. The reason for this is that it will not cost at all and the individual will be able to stay on the premises that wont need to go off some where else. The benefit for doing this training will be so that the member can increase their knowledge by doing it efficiently and also if they have the opportunity to get promoted they could be able to handle a sector in Asda. The benefit for members to have a training programme is so that they can increase their skills and knowledge in any task they have been specified, also carrying out tasks more efficiently and in a short amount of time. By giving training it helps individuals to cut down on mistakes and blunders made by them. By training it can help health hazards reducing hazards being encountered at the work place. The costs for having training are the cost of materials which may be needed for the process and also the time needed by the members which will be issuing the programme. For training to be carried out it takes up a great deal of time for the leader as they have to make sure what they are teaching the member is relevant to the programme specified. It is also costly when setting up the resources for using on the training area and time is needed for when doing the training. Obstacles for Training Training can be seen in different ways, firstly, the management of the company might see it as a way of making the company more efficient, as well as teaching important skills to employees in order to improve performance. At the same time it can be seen as a way of rewarding hardworking employees with a different environment for a short period of time. On the other hand, employees might look back on their last training session, still trying to work out what exactly it was they learnt from the experience, but nevertheless having enjoyed the change of scenery but hating the pile of work that greeted them on their return. If training is implemented correctly it can bring back great rewards such as greater workplace efficiency, specialised skills and knowledge as well as employee satisfaction. Finally remember that depending on how training is done, it can be very productive and useful or a complete waste of time and money, it can bring teams together or split them apart.

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay Community service constitute an apologetic reparation that the person is now required to make to the community what he has wronged. The Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. Section 53 of the IPC  [2]  provides for the various types of punishments. But these are old and do not meet the exigencies of the present day globalised world. The authors yearn for inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Indian draftsmen have not overlooked the necessity of such a restorative mode in recent enactments. We find the inclusion of community service in The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000  [3]  (Section 15  [4]  ). Community service is defined as an order that requires an offender (who must consent and be aged at least 16) to perform unpaid work for between 40 and 240 hours under the supervision of a probation officer. Formerly known as a  Community Service Order. It can also be defined as A  community  order  which requires the  offender  to do unpaid work in the community under the supervision of a  probation officer.  [5]  Moreover the work that the offender is required to undertake has some obvious relation to the nature of offence.  [6]   History of community service The first organized community service program meant systematically to be used in place of short prison sentences were established in ad-hoc basis in California in the 1960s. . Thus community service was indirect alternative to imprisonment.  [7]  In the United Kingdom, Parliament enacted legislation in the early 1970s giving the courts specific powers to order community service as a sentencing sanction.  [8]  In the early 1980s after a series of private pilot projects the Dutch implemented community service nationwide and evaluators made comparable findings.  [9]  It was Lenin  [10]  who also stressed on the importance of community service.  [11]   Benefits of Community Service Community service serves the goals of punishment, reparation, restitution and even rehabilitation. It is beneficial to the offenders  [12]  , the community  [13]  , the victim  [14]  and even to the courts.  [15]  So community service has both the social and the cognitive benefits. It also serves as an alternative to imprisonment (India has 32 prisoners per 1000 of population. We have 11094.25 lakhs prisoners in India as on 31 December 2005)  [16]  which is morally reprehensible and indefensible  [17]  . Moreover Prisons have proved ineffective in their object of reforming the criminals. Research indicates that about half of all prison inmates are likely to be rearrested and returned to prison, many soon after their release from an institution.  [18]  Contamination is the gist of prison life. Prisons are dens of criminality. The unsophisticated offender is compelled to associate with the hardened professional criminals and thereby he learns not only the te chniques of committing the crime but also the specific drives, rationalisation and attitudes of crime.  [19]  The Community Service Program is intended to add some refinement by requiring the offender to put back into society through performing a job for the community.  [20]   Not only do offenders need to be addressed as active participants rather than as passive recipient of punishment or treatment, but they also need to be positively motivated to engage in the process of change to law-abiding lives. Performing work for the community, as well as requiring offenders to pay back to the society helped them realize that they had contribution to make to the society.  [21]   Developments in India Macaulay may have not envisaged the need of community service as it was not prevalent at that time. But it first dawned upon India in the 42nd report  [22]  of the Law Commission.  [23]  Then an Amendment bill  [24]  was introduced in the Parliament  [25]  which was passed in the Rajya Sabha but due to the proclamation of emergency it could not be passed in the Lok Sabha and it lapsed. Again the Law Commission in its 156th report  [26]  urged the need to implement community service in Indian Penal system.  [27]  Even the Malimath Committee and others  [28]  recommended community service as mode of punishment.  [29]   Community Service Scheme has also been started in one state i.e. Gujarat and it is an alternate for offences under the Bombay Prohibition Act. Another state i.e. Andhra Pradesh (Prison is a state subject)  [30]  has also amended the Penal Code and introduced Community Service as a punishment. This legislation is now pending with the Union Government for their concurrence.  [31]   Cases and pronouncements We have instances where the court has ordered the offender to do community service in lieu of the offence that he has committed. The Delhi High Court asked two businessmen to perform community service with a voluntary organisation for a year as punishment for firing three shots at their friend for fun. Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, while quashing a first information report (FIR) against the two businessmen Monday, asked Delhi Police not to return their gun for a year.  [32]  For sexually harassing a woman on the bus the magistrate asked the offender to write a 25-page essay on eve-teasing and harassment. He was asked to make 500 copies of the essay and distribute them outside schools and colleges.  [33]  In probably a first, the Patna High Court has given provisional bail to two accused in a mobile phone loot case on the condition that they would have to do community service at a local temple thrice a week for six months.  [34]   The Indian Supreme Court though not having argued (even in their obiters) to have community service as a mode of punishment has nevertheless hinted at the importance and need for such type of restorative sanction. in one of the case the court said- A few other weighty factors deserve reference. All deprivation of liberty is validated by social defense and individual correction along an anti-criminal direction, public justice is central to the whole scheme of bail law. Fleeing justice must be forbidden but punitive harshness should be minimized. Restorative devices to redeem the man, even through community service, meditative drill, study classes or other resources should be innovated.  [35]   The unacceptable anomaly Community service was not incorporated in the IPC. The reason fascinates and confuses me. The neo democratic style of non-inclusion is too hard to swallow. The Law Commission of India circulated a letter highlighting the main issues involved in the Penal Code for eliciting views from various quarters.  [36]   The letter was sent to Registrars of High Courts, the Home Secretary of the State Governments Union Territories, the President of Supreme Court Bar Association and High Courts Bar Association, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for SC ST, National Womens Commission, State Law Commissions, Police Officers, Advocates, Academicians and some social organisations, Institutions etc. Responses were received from three State Governments, Seven Judges and one Additional Registrar of High Courts, Two Advocates, Six Police Officers, One State Law Commission, One Academician and Two organisations (Nirantar and Federation Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry).  [37]   Now the recommendation that came out was that the proposed section 74 should not and cannot be implemented in India. The report laid- This section contemplates a supervisory authority to see whether the convict is working and rendering service for the number of hours specified and if he fails to do so by way of default, he has to be sentenced thereafter. We think an open air prison system is better suited from the point of view of the correctional measures rather than the proposed punishment of community service. The community service no doubt is another innovation in the direction of correctional methods but as voiced in many workshops it may not be practicable to give an effect to and also may not amount to punishment. The most horrifying aspect of the entire thing is that merely on the views of some of the judges, advocated, academicians, police officers and organizations an innovative and pulsating need of the criminal justice system was not implemented. The authors are unable to find a rational nexus with the reasons given for such non inclusion. Reforms Suggested What the authors want is that is not the inclusion of community service as a form of punishment but the authors want the successful and effective implementation of community service as a form of punishment under the code prepared by the legal acumen of Macaulay. That is the reason we do not recommend to amend the IPC and include community service as a sixth form of punishment immediately as was once tried by the 1976 bill.  [38]  It would not be an inclusion as we nowadays find the Indian legislators just amend and insert new provisions  [39]  in the enactments without looking at its suitability and implemantability.  [40]   The authors suggest an area approach (AA) in the inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Firstly few selected areas must be selected which have the resources and concentration of specific crimes occurring in specific areas. Firstly, the Union must select few states and urge them to implement community service programs in few select areas. These areas must be selected by the state themselves with the concurrence of the Union. The areas should be selected on the basis of criterias such as prevalence of petty offences, resources available  [41]  etc as decided by the state governments. The authors only intend to suggest that first implementation issues must be dealt with as per the acumen and foresight of the legislature and the executive. Then only we can dream of such a form of sanction. This was one precise lacuna in the 1976 Amendment bill. Beside this lacuna the authors find no other major loophole and feel that the proposed amendment was to a very large extent acceptable. But we suggest that in all the cases where the judge convicts the accused and imposes fine as the only punishment community service should be made compulsory. The other recommendations are as follows- It is recommended that in order to address such problem and increase efficiency, special community service officers be appointed and trained to handle offenders on community service. A lot of publicity should be given to this schemes initiation so that even the grass roots and the have-nots of the society are aware of such a change. The spread of the scheme must not be confined to the legal fraternity and experts. It must not remain a burning topic for the scholars and the academicians to debate and write scholarly articles and researches. The modes of publicity as newspapers, media and the government. The entire implementation and the process and the procedure of the community service scheme must be available in almost all the recognized languages of India so that the local masses are aware of it. It must be simple and clearly worded. The cooperation of various stakeholders such as the civil servants, the judiciary, the policy-makers and all other relevant stakeholders within the criminal justice system is vital for the process of implementation of the programme as well as for its ongoing sustainability. The implementation of such programme should be seen as the responsibility of every Indian, and endeavor should be made to help it succeed as a new intervention to replace imprisonment. ABSTRACT The Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. The research paper tries to incorporate the needs and the benefits of community service in India. It would then delve upon the legal development of inclusion of community service as mode of punishment. It would be done by scrutinizing the reports of the law commissions, judicial pronouncements and the lapsed bills which urged such a reform. Then authors would suggest concluding the problems in the inclusion and implementation of community service in India and how to overcome these difficulties so that IPC meets the social needs and critics find one issue sorted in criticizing the IPC and its efficacy.

charhf Development of Hucks Character :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Huckleberry Finn – Development of His Character    Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn displays the development of a 'sound hearted pre teen boy' called Huck Finn. We see Huck develop in character, attitude and maturity as he travels down the Mississippi River. This is represented through Huck's search for freedom from 'sivilisation' and it's beliefs and through his personal observations of a corrupt and immoral society. Most importantly, we live through Huck's confusion over his supposedly immoral behavior and his acceptance that he will '...go to Hell...' as he conquers his social beliefs.    Huck's displeasure in 'sivilisation' and it's beliefs is the trigger to his development. Initially, Huck is presented as a uneducated 12 year old, born in to the rigorous life of pre-civil war America. He lives with Widow Douglas (Huck's conservative and motherly foster parent) and Miss Watson (Widow Douglas' sister) who both try to 'sivilise' Huck through religion, manners and beliefs. 'In the opening chapters, Huck is relatively though not completely, untouched by society. He is totally unsophisticated and is basically unthwarted by the ethical ideals and manners of adult society or by the game-playing unreality of Tom Sawyer.' PAUL EGGERT: Literary Perspectives. From this critics comment, we see that Huck's limited understanding in the 'sivilised' world also limited his capacity to comprehend society's teachings such as religion '...she told me all about the bad place, and I said I wish I was there.' and it's rules and life style 'She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn't do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up.' This in many ways allowed Huck to make decisions from his own moral evaluation instead of relying on the disillusioned teachings of society.    As the novel develops, we see Huck kidnapped by his father, a drunken byproduct of society's corruption. At first, Huck enjoys the relief from religion and the 'sivilized' life '...it warn't long after that till I was used to being where I was and liked it...' but latter realized he was still trapped in the depressing confines of 'sivilisation'. Huck is subjected to the constant tyrannical treatment inflicted from his father ranging from beatings to being locked up days at a time.

Piaget Essay -- essays research papers fc

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhood, and adolescence. These four stages are labeled the Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to age two, (children experience through their senses), the Preoporational stage, which occurs from ages two to six, (motor skills are acquired), the Concrete Operational stage, which occurs from ages six to eleven, (children think logically about concrete events), and the Formal Operational stage, which occurs after age eleven, (abstract reasoning is developed here). (www.psychcentral.com). (Bee and Boyd 149). The focus of this paper will be on the Preoporational stage and how the child’s cognitive abilities develop according to Piaget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Preoperational stage is Piaget’s term for the second major stage of cognitive development. It is in this stage that Piaget states that children acuire symbolic schemes, such as language and fantasy, that they use in thinking and communicating. Piaget saw evidence of symbol use in many aspects of children aged two to six. As a Pre-School teacher myself, I have witnessed many of the same behaviors that Piaget himself observed while developing his theory of cognitive development. Children this age begin to pretend in their play. The dramatic play area in my classroom is always one of the most busy areas of the room. The children love to role-play and create imaginary games. According to Piaget, such symbol use is also evident in the emergence of language and in the preschoolers primitive ability to understand scale models or simple maps. Dramatic play gives the children the chance to role-play. If they work through situations in their classroom, they’ll be better prepared for real-life scenarios. Through role-playing, children not only express emotions, but also exercise creativity and develop skills like cooperation and problem solving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Pre... ...get viewed children as little philosophers and scientists building their own individual theories of knowledge. By focusing on what children con do as well as what they cannot do, he was able to understand and explain their cognitive growth and development. His theory is a valuable â€Å"road map† for understanding how children think. However, many psychologists are convinced that Piaget gave too little credit to the effects of learning. For example; Children of pottery-making parents can correctly answer questions about the conservation of clay at an earlier age than Piaget would have predicted. According to learning theorists, children continuously gain specific knowledge; they do not undergo stage-like leaps in general mental ability. (Coon 109). Thus, the truth may lie somewhere between Piaget’s stage theory and modern learning theory. Works Cited 1. Coon, Dennis. Essentials of Psychology. 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2003 2. Bee, Helen and Boyd, Dennis. The Developing Child. 10th Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004 3. http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.cfm?term=Egocentrism 4. http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Jean_Piaget Piaget Essay -- essays research papers fc Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhood, and adolescence. These four stages are labeled the Sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to age two, (children experience through their senses), the Preoporational stage, which occurs from ages two to six, (motor skills are acquired), the Concrete Operational stage, which occurs from ages six to eleven, (children think logically about concrete events), and the Formal Operational stage, which occurs after age eleven, (abstract reasoning is developed here). (www.psychcentral.com). (Bee and Boyd 149). The focus of this paper will be on the Preoporational stage and how the child’s cognitive abilities develop according to Piaget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Preoperational stage is Piaget’s term for the second major stage of cognitive development. It is in this stage that Piaget states that children acuire symbolic schemes, such as language and fantasy, that they use in thinking and communicating. Piaget saw evidence of symbol use in many aspects of children aged two to six. As a Pre-School teacher myself, I have witnessed many of the same behaviors that Piaget himself observed while developing his theory of cognitive development. Children this age begin to pretend in their play. The dramatic play area in my classroom is always one of the most busy areas of the room. The children love to role-play and create imaginary games. According to Piaget, such symbol use is also evident in the emergence of language and in the preschoolers primitive ability to understand scale models or simple maps. Dramatic play gives the children the chance to role-play. If they work through situations in their classroom, they’ll be better prepared for real-life scenarios. Through role-playing, children not only express emotions, but also exercise creativity and develop skills like cooperation and problem solving.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Pre... ...get viewed children as little philosophers and scientists building their own individual theories of knowledge. By focusing on what children con do as well as what they cannot do, he was able to understand and explain their cognitive growth and development. His theory is a valuable â€Å"road map† for understanding how children think. However, many psychologists are convinced that Piaget gave too little credit to the effects of learning. For example; Children of pottery-making parents can correctly answer questions about the conservation of clay at an earlier age than Piaget would have predicted. According to learning theorists, children continuously gain specific knowledge; they do not undergo stage-like leaps in general mental ability. (Coon 109). Thus, the truth may lie somewhere between Piaget’s stage theory and modern learning theory. Works Cited 1. Coon, Dennis. Essentials of Psychology. 9th Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2003 2. Bee, Helen and Boyd, Dennis. The Developing Child. 10th Edition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004 3. http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.cfm?term=Egocentrism 4. http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Jean_Piaget

Organization Strategy and Structure Essay

By now, it should have been clear that there is no such thing as the one right organization. There are only organizations, each of which has distinct strengths, distinct limitations and specific applications. It has become clear that organization is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in working together. As such, a given organizational structure fits certain tasks in certain conditions and at certain times. Given this perspective, as organizations tend toward more efficiency and effectiveness, so does the structure. For example, one hears a great deal today about â€Å"the end of hierarchy. † This is blatant non-sense. In any institution, there has to be a final authority say, the boss – someone who can make the final decision and who can then expect to be obeyed. But, what is the right organization to handle crisis is not the right organization for all tasks. Sometimes the team approach is the right answer. In fact, the pharmaceutical industry used this strategy long before â€Å"team† became a buzzword in the organization community.

Marketing scenario Essay

Introduction Positioned as an premium offering focused to lowest overall cost to end users through superior overall performance. Leader in quality , performance and technological innovation Product lines Carton sealing and industrial tapes Specialized adhesives Other packaging products K2 tape – Manufactured using patented technology and a brand name for pressure sensitive carton sealing tape Very high tensile strength and sheer resistance Positioning High Price K2 Products Low Quality High Quality Ipack Tensile New Product Low Price Problem Statement †¢ K2 tape competed against inferior economy grade products in carton sealing type †¢ IPACK offered 25-35% lesser price †¢ Revenue of K2- $68.6 million IPACK – $28.5 million in 2012 †¢ Tensile – a new competitor had $2.7 million dollar sale with one sales representative Should PST stay with high quality product or enter the economy grade segment ? Option 1: Enter the economy grade segment under the same brand PROS Access to the economy segment Defend market share against competition Diversification of product portfolio CONS Dilution of the brand image as a maker of  technological superior product Cannibalization of its own product offering Cluttered product line Option 2: Enter the economy grade segment under different brand Implications for: PROS CONS Customer †¢ Ability to fulfill need of price sensitive  customers †¢ Possibility of change in perception of  being a quality leader Distributor †¢ Possibility to offer a low end PST  product †¢ Even wider product range; Limited  sales force Sales Force †¢ Ability to offer more variety in terms of  price levels †¢ More effort to explain product  differences Brand †¢ No positive impact †¢ Negative impact on brand image Option 2: Stay with high-quality products Implications for: PROS CONS Customer †¢ Maintaining image of quality Leader †¢ Loss of Market share; Not targeting  price sensitive consumers Distributor †¢ No need for adjustment in  distribution policy †¢ Low-price offer only from competitor not from PST Sales Force †¢ Consistent and easy product  quality †¢ No ability to offer solution for price  sensitive customer Brand †¢ Consistent overall brand image †¢ No negative impact Recommendation PST should enter the economy grade segment NEW BRAND †¢ New name (unrelated to PST) to avoid negative impact on brand image †¢ Marketed completely independent PRODUCT LAUNCH †¢ Development and launch of two new products to compete with Tensile †¢ Competitive pricing strategy (similar to Tensile) ENTER MARKET †¢ Make use of well established distribution network †¢ Offer economy equivalents for RD-48 & RDS-72 SUCCESS FACTORS †¢ There is a projected growth in demand (e.g. packaging segment 2.2%) †¢ PST has an established sales force and distribution network in the tape market †¢ There is a lack of brand loyalty of price sensitive customers (switching to PSTs new brand) †¢ There was suitable equipment and capacity for quick production Distribution Plan †¢ Distribution through existing network for faster brand growth †¢ Hire more sales people to increase service quality & sales in PSTs tape business